Bacteroides caecimuris 盲腸鼠擬桿菌

一 產(chǎn)品基本信息與遺傳學(xué)背景

• 細(xì)菌名稱：Bacteroides caecimuris

• 分類學(xué)地位：擬桿菌門 (Bacteroidota)、擬桿菌目 (Bacteroidales)、擬桿菌科 (Bacteroidaceae)、擬桿菌屬 (Bacteroides)。

• 主要生物學(xué)特征：革蘭氏陰性、專性厭氧。該菌最初自健康小鼠的盲腸（Caecum）內(nèi)容物中分離獲得，是構(gòu)建小鼠標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化定殖模型（如 gnotobiotic mices 實驗）的核心菌株之一。

• 生物安全級別：1級 (BSL-1)。

二 核心科研與代謝功能

1. 多糖降解與復(fù)雜碳水化合物利用：具備擬桿菌屬典型的多糖利用位點 (Polysaccharide Utilization Loci, PUL)。能高效分解宿主日常攝入的膳食纖維（非淀粉多糖），并將其轉(zhuǎn)化為宿主可吸收的短鏈脂肪酸 (SCFAs)。

2. 實驗室標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化腸道菌群構(gòu)建：由于其在小鼠腸道內(nèi)的極高定殖率和生態(tài)穩(wěn)定性，常被納入經(jīng)典的合成菌群（如 Oligo-MM12 或其它多菌株組合），用于研究腸道菌群屏障抵抗外來病原菌入侵的競爭機制。

三 培養(yǎng)環(huán)境與技術(shù)參數(shù)

• 推薦培養(yǎng)基：BioVector? 擬桿菌專用 GAM 培養(yǎng)基（含血紅素和維生素K1）、Wilkins-Chalgren 厭氧菌培養(yǎng)基。

• 氣體環(huán)境：嚴(yán)格厭氧。

• 生長溫度：37 攝氏度。

3. Phocaeicola vulgatus 普通霍夫曼氏菌（原名：普通擬桿菌）

一 產(chǎn)品基本信息與遺傳學(xué)背景

• 細(xì)菌名稱：Phocaeicola vulgatus（舊分類名為 Bacteroides vulgatus，近年依據(jù)多基因組進(jìn)化分析重新分類歸入 Phocaeicola 屬）。

• 分類學(xué)地位：擬桿菌門、擬桿菌目、擬桿菌科、霍夫曼氏菌屬 (Phocaeicola)。

• 主要生物學(xué)特征：革蘭氏陰性、專性厭氧、多形性桿菌。它是人類腸道中豐度最高的擬桿菌目細(xì)菌之一，在維持腸道內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)和免疫平衡中扮演著“基石菌株”的角色。

• 生物安全級別：1級 (BSL-1)。

二 核心科研與代謝功能

1. 抗宿主免疫調(diào)節(jié)與減輕炎癥：雖然早期在特定敏感動物模型中曾被懷疑與炎癥性腸病 (IBD) 相關(guān)，但最新研究表明，在健康宿主中它能誘導(dǎo)抗炎細(xì)胞因子（如 IL-10）的分泌，并抑制致病性大腸桿菌引起的腸道過度免疫反應(yīng)。

2. 抗宿主耐糖量與二甲雙胍靶向交互：臨床研究發(fā)現(xiàn)其在部分糖尿病患者腸道中豐度發(fā)生改變。它參與了宿主腸道碳水化合物流向的再分配，并且其豐度受二甲雙胍（Metformin）等降糖藥物的直接調(diào)控。

三 培養(yǎng)環(huán)境與技術(shù)參數(shù)

• 推薦培養(yǎng)基：BioVector? 營養(yǎng)肉湯添加 0.5% 酵母提取物、血紅素（5 $\mu$g/mL）及 維生素 K1（1 $\mu$g/mL），或標(biāo)準(zhǔn) BBE 瓊脂平板。

• 氣體環(huán)境：嚴(yán)格厭氧。

• 生長溫度：37 攝氏度。

4. Phocaeicola dorei 多氏霍夫曼氏菌（原名：多氏擬桿菌）

一 產(chǎn)品基本信息與遺傳學(xué)背景

• 細(xì)菌名稱：Phocaeicola dorei（舊分類名為 Bacteroides dorei）。

• 分類學(xué)地位：擬桿菌門、擬桿菌目、擬桿菌科、霍夫曼氏菌屬 (Phocaeicola)。

• 主要生物學(xué)特征：革蘭氏陰性、專性厭氧。與 P. vulgatus 親緣關(guān)系極近，但在臨床免疫學(xué)和表型上具有獨特的標(biāo)志性意義。

• 生物安全級別：1級 (BSL-1)。

二 核心科研與代謝功能

1. 自身免疫性疾病與1型糖尿?。═1D）早期預(yù)警：這是一株在兒科自身免疫領(lǐng)域備受關(guān)注的菌株?？v向臨床隊列研究顯示，在兒童體內(nèi)，Phocaeicola dorei 的早期過度增殖與隨后發(fā)生的自身抗體轉(zhuǎn)陽及 1型糖尿病 的發(fā)病具有顯著的正相關(guān)性。

2. 內(nèi)毒素（LPS）結(jié)構(gòu)與免疫耐受阻斷：其細(xì)胞壁產(chǎn)生的脂多糖 (LPS) 分子結(jié)構(gòu)與大腸桿菌截然不同。它所含有的四酰基/五?；鶈瘟柞Ｖ|(zhì)A不僅不具備免疫激活毒性，反而能夠競爭性地阻斷 TLR4 受體，從而改變嬰幼兒早期的免疫耐受建立。

三 培養(yǎng)環(huán)境與技術(shù)參數(shù)

• 推薦培養(yǎng)基：BioVector? 厭氧 GAM 液體培養(yǎng)基、Modified Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB) 補充血紅素。

• 氣體環(huán)境：嚴(yán)格厭氧。

• 生長溫度：37 攝氏度。

5. Flavonifractor plautii 普氏黃酮降解菌

一 產(chǎn)品基本信息與遺傳學(xué)背景

• 細(xì)菌名稱：Flavonifractor plautii（舊分類名曾為 Fusobacterium plautii 或 Clostridium plautii）。

• 分類學(xué)地位：厚壁菌門 (Attributes to Bacillota/Firmicutes)、梭菌綱 (Clostridia)、歐克留菌目 (Eubacteriales)、顫螺菌科 (Oscillospiraceae)、黃酮降解菌屬 (Flavonifractor)。

• 主要生物學(xué)特征：革蘭氏陰性至可變、專性厭氧、不運動、能產(chǎn)弱芽孢的桿菌。

• 生物安全級別：1級 (BSL-1)。

二 核心科研與代謝功能

1. 天然黃酮類化合物代謝中樞：該菌是腸道中降解黃酮類物質(zhì)（Flavonoids，如兒茶素 Catechin、槲皮素 Quercetin）的核心功能菌。它能夠打破黃酮類分子的 C 環(huán)，將其轉(zhuǎn)化為具有強抗氧化和抗炎活性的酚酸類代謝產(chǎn)物。

2. 生物抗癌與免疫免疫檢查點調(diào)控：最新研究揭示，該菌在特定的結(jié)直腸癌 (CRC) 生物標(biāo)志物和癌癥免疫治療中扮演雙重角色。在部分隊列中它被視為結(jié)直腸癌的富集標(biāo)志物，而在另一些免疫研究中，其代謝產(chǎn)物被發(fā)現(xiàn)能參與調(diào)節(jié)宿主的 T 細(xì)胞極化。

三 培養(yǎng)環(huán)境與技術(shù)參數(shù)

• 推薦培養(yǎng)基：BioVector? 修改版 PYG 培養(yǎng)基、哥倫比亞血瓊脂（Columbia Blood Agar）添加厭氧抑菌劑。

• 氣體環(huán)境：嚴(yán)格厭氧。

• 生長溫度：37 攝氏度。

6. Bacteroides intestinalis 腸擬桿菌

一 產(chǎn)品基本信息與遺傳學(xué)背景

• 細(xì)菌名稱：Bacteroides intestinalis

• 分類學(xué)地位：擬桿菌門 (Bacteroidota)、擬桿菌目 (Bacteroidales)、擬桿菌科 (Bacteroidaceae)、擬桿菌屬 (Bacteroides)。

• 主要生物學(xué)特征：革蘭氏陰性、專性厭氧。分離自健康成年人的腸道糞便標(biāo)本，是一株高效的營養(yǎng)降解代謝株。

• 生物安全級別：1級 (BSL-1)。

二 核心科研與代謝功能

1. 多糖高效降解與碳水化合物交叉喂養(yǎng)（Cross-feeding）：擁有龐大且特異的糖苷水解酶（Glycoside Hydrolases）基因庫。能夠水解極其復(fù)雜的植物細(xì)胞壁多糖（如阿拉伯半乳聚糖、木聚糖），并釋放出單糖或短鏈低聚糖，為腸道內(nèi)其它無法直接利用復(fù)雜纖維的益生菌（如雙歧桿菌）提供基礎(chǔ)碳源。

2. 腸道纖維屏障與上皮保護：通過高效率地將膳食纖維轉(zhuǎn)化為乙酸（Acetate）和丙酸（Propionate），直接為宿主結(jié)腸上皮細(xì)胞供能，并幫助維持腸道粘液層的厚度和完整性。

三 培養(yǎng)環(huán)境與技術(shù)參數(shù)

• 推薦培養(yǎng)基：BioVector? 基礎(chǔ) GAM 肉湯、Medium 78（厭氧菌標(biāo)準(zhǔn)培養(yǎng)基）。

• 氣體環(huán)境：嚴(yán)格厭氧。

• 生長溫度：37 攝氏度。

7. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron 多形擬桿菌

一 產(chǎn)品基本信息與遺傳學(xué)背景

• 細(xì)菌名稱：Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (常用代號如 VPI-5482)

• 分類學(xué)地位：擬桿菌門 (Bacteroidota)、擬桿菌目 (Bacteroidales)、擬桿菌科 (Bacteroidaceae)、擬桿菌屬 (Bacteroides)。

• 主要生物學(xué)特征：革蘭氏陰性、專性厭氧、無芽孢、桿狀。它是宿主-微生物共生學(xué)、腸道多糖代謝和基因組學(xué)研究中應(yīng)用最廣泛的國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模式菌株。

• 生物安全級別：1級 (BSL-1)。

二 核心科研與代謝功能

1. 腸道多糖利用的“百科全書”：其基因組編碼了數(shù)百種糖苷水解酶和多糖裂解酶。它是多糖利用位點 (PUL) 機制的經(jīng)典發(fā)現(xiàn)株。無論是膳食植物多糖（淀粉、果膠、纖維素），還是宿主內(nèi)源性的粘蛋白糖鏈（Mucin glycans），它都能精準(zhǔn)識別并高效降解。當(dāng)宿主節(jié)食或缺乏膳食纖維時，它會轉(zhuǎn)換為消耗粘蛋白，維持腸道生態(tài)平衡。

2. 腸道血管發(fā)育與免疫成熟引導(dǎo)：作為發(fā)育生物學(xué)中的經(jīng)典模型，研究證實 B. thetaiotaomicron 能刺激無菌小鼠生后腸道微血管系統(tǒng)的精密網(wǎng)狀發(fā)育，并參與誘導(dǎo)腸道粘膜分泌型 IgA (sIgA) 的正常產(chǎn)生。

3. 合成生物學(xué)通用厭氧宿主：由于其遺傳背景清晰、基因敲除和敲入技術(shù)成熟，它是目前用于設(shè)計“活體生物藥 (LBP)”、體內(nèi)定向遞送抗炎因子或腫瘤靶向分子的最常用工程化宿主菌之一。

三 培養(yǎng)環(huán)境與技術(shù)參數(shù)

• 推薦培養(yǎng)基：BioVector? 經(jīng)典 TYG 培養(yǎng)基、標(biāo)準(zhǔn) BHI 厭氧培養(yǎng)基添加 0.5% 葡萄糖及血紅素。

• 氣體環(huán)境：嚴(yán)格厭氧。

• 生長溫度：37 攝氏度。

8. Bacteroides cellulosilyticus 降纖維素擬桿菌

一 產(chǎn)品基本信息與遺傳學(xué)背景

• 細(xì)菌名稱：Bacteroides cellulosilyticus

• 分類學(xué)地位：擬桿菌門 (Bacteroidota)、擬桿菌目 (Bacteroidales)、擬桿菌科 (Bacteroidaceae)、擬桿菌屬 (Bacteroides)。

• 主要生物學(xué)特征：革蘭氏陰性、專性厭氧。該菌株在降解植物不可溶性核心骨架——纖維素（Cellulose）方面表現(xiàn)出極強的特異性進(jìn)化。

• 生物安全級別：1級 (BSL-1)。

二 核心科研與代謝功能

1. 頑固纖維素與半纖維素的強力降解者：擁有高度富集的內(nèi)切麥芽糖酶、纖維素酶和木聚糖酶系統(tǒng)。能直接錨定并降解常規(guī)腸道菌群難以破壞的致密結(jié)晶纖維素，是腸道能量捕獲（Energy Harvesting）鏈條中極其關(guān)鍵的起點菌株。

2. 提升宿主 SCFA 豐度與抗炎潛能：通過對纖維素的高效發(fā)酵，大量產(chǎn)生丁酸（Butyrate）和丙酸等短鏈脂肪酸。這些產(chǎn)物能通過結(jié)合 G 蛋白偶聯(lián)受體（如 GPR41/43），在體內(nèi)發(fā)揮強大的全身性抗炎、控制食欲以及維持血糖穩(wěn)態(tài)的功能。

三 培養(yǎng)環(huán)境與技術(shù)參數(shù)

• 推薦培養(yǎng)基：BioVector? 纖維素/羧甲基纖維素 (CMC) 限制性選擇厭氧培養(yǎng)基、GAM 肉湯。

• 氣體環(huán)境：嚴(yán)格厭氧。

• 生長溫度：37 攝氏度。

PART 2 ENGLISH SECTION

1. Parabacteroides goldsteinii

I General Information & Genetics

• Name: Parabacteroides goldsteinii

• Taxonomy: Phylum Bacteroidota, Class Bacteroidia, Order Bacteroidales, Family Tannerellaceae, Genus Parabacteroides.

• Key Traits: Gram-negative, obligately anaerobic, non-spore-forming straight rod. It represents a vital commensal core within mammalian intestinal niches.

• Biosafety Level: BSL-1.

II Core Scientific & Metabolic Functions

1. Anti-Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome Alleviation: Prominently studied as a Next-Generation Probiotic (NGP). Evidence underscores its capacity to mitigate high-fat diet-induced obesity by reinforcing gut barrier integrity, curbing metabolic endotoxemia, and ameliorating systemic low-grade chronic inflammation.

2. Bile Acid Biotransformation: Secretes specialized hydrolases that convert primary bile acids into secondary bile acids. This modulates host FXR and TGR5 signaling networks, enhancing adipose tissue thermogenesis and expanding insulin sensitivity.

III Cultivation Parameters

• Recommended Media: BioVector? Enhanced Modified PYG Broth, or Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth supplemented with 5% sheep blood and 0.05% L-cysteine.

• Atmosphere: Strict anaerobic parameters ($10\%\ H_2,\ 10\%\ CO_2,\ 80\%\ N_2$).

• Incubation Temperature: 37°C.

2. Bacteroides caecimuris

I General Information & Genetics

• Name: Bacteroides caecimuris

• Taxonomy: Phylum Bacteroidota, Order Bacteroidales, Family Bacteroidaceae, Genus Bacteroides.

• Key Traits: Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic rod. Originally isolated from the cecal contents of healthy laboratory mice, serving as a signature organism for murine gut microbiome modeling.

• Biosafety Level: BSL-1.

II Core Scientific & Metabolic Functions

1. Polysaccharide Digestion Profiling: Features evolutionary Polysaccharide Utilization Loci (PULs) optimized to dismantle complex dietary plant fibers (non-starch polysaccharides), turning complex carbohydrates into Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs).

2. Synthetic Consortium Assemblies: Due to its reliable colonization dynamics and stable metabolic output in mice, it is a staple component within synthetic reference communities (such as the Oligo-MM12 consortium) to investigate colonization resistance against enteric pathobionts.

III Cultivation Parameters

• Recommended Media: BioVector? Specialized GAM Anaerobic Broth (enriched with hemin and vitamin K1), or Wilkins-Chalgren Anaerobic Medium.

• Atmosphere: Strict anaerobic setup.

• Incubation Temperature: 37°C.

3. Phocaeicola vulgatus

I General Information & Genetics

• Name: Phocaeicola vulgatus (Formerly recognized as Bacteroides vulgatus; reclassified into the genus Phocaeicola following multi-locus phylogenomic corrections).

• Taxonomy: Phylum Bacteroidota, Order Bacteroidales, Family Bacteroidaceae, Genus Phocaeicola.

• Key Traits: Gram-negative, obligately anaerobic, pleomorphic rod. It stands as one of the most numerically dominant commensal species within the human distal gut ecosystem.

• Biosafety Level: BSL-1.

II Core Scientific & Metabolic Functions

1. Immunomodulation and Anti-inflammatory Homeostasis: While historic models linked it with specific colitis settings under strict hyper-sensitive backgrounds, modern research validates its protective status in healthy hosts, where it prompts anti-inflammatory cytokine (such as IL-10) secretion and subverts pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae expansion.

2. Glucose Tolerance Interaction: Clinically highlighted for its shifts in abundance across metabolic patient cohorts. It alters carbohydrate flux variations in the intestinal lumen and exhibits high sensitivity to pharmacological interventions like Metformin treatment.

III Cultivation Parameters

• Recommended Media: BioVector? Nutrient Broth supplemented with 0.5% yeast extract, hemin ($5\ \mu$g/mL), and vitamin K1 ($1\ \mu$g/mL), or BBE (Bacteroides Bile Esculin) agar configurations.

• Atmosphere: Strict anaerobic parameters.

• Incubation Temperature: 37°C.

4. Phocaeicola dorei

I General Information & Genetics

• Name: Phocaeicola dorei (Formerly recognized as Bacteroides dorei).

• Taxonomy: Phylum Bacteroidota, Order Bacteroidales, Family Bacteroidaceae, Genus Phocaeicola.

• Key Traits: Gram-negative, obligately anaerobic rod. Phylogenetically close to P. vulgatus but displays distinct immunophenotypic features.

• Biosafety Level: BSL-1.

II Core Scientific & Metabolic Functions

1. Autoimmune Pathogenesis & Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) Tracing: Heavily tracked in pediatric autoantibody longitudinal cohorts. Accelerated early abundance blooms of P. dorei in infant microbiomes serve as a strong predictive biomarker preceding the development of islet autoantibodies and clinical Type 1 Diabetes onset.

2. Atypical Endotoxin (LPS) Subversion: Synthesizes a distinct tetra-/penta-acylated lipid A structure within its lipopolysaccharide (LPS) cell envelope. This variant lacks the classical inflammatory toxicity seen in E. coli LPS, acting instead as a competitive TLR4 antagonist that delays immune maturation during early development.

III Cultivation Parameters

• Recommended Media: BioVector? Anaerobic GAM Broth, or Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB) supplemented with standard yeast fractions and hemin.

• Atmosphere: Strict anaerobic setups.

• Incubation Temperature: 37°C.

5. Flavonifractor plautii

I General Information & Genetics

• Name: Flavonifractor plautii (Historically cataloged as Fusobacterium plautii or Clostridium plautii).

• Taxonomy: Phylum Bacillota/Firmicutes, Class Clostridia, Order Eubacteriales, Family Oscillospiraceae, Genus Flavonifractor.

• Key Traits: Gram-negative to Gram-variable, obligately anaerobic, non-motile, weakly spore-forming bacillus.

• Biosafety Level: BSL-1.

II Core Scientific & Metabolic Functions

1. Dietary Flavonoid Biodegradation Hub: Acts as a key functional metabolic strain in the gut capable of parsing dietary flavonoids (such as catechins and quercetin). It cleaves the characteristic heterocyclic C-ring structure of flavonoids, translating them into bioactive phenolic acid residues with strong antioxidant qualities.

2. Oncology Diagnostics and Immune Checkpoint Regulation: Exhibits a dual role in modern colorectal cancer (CRC) metagenomic screens. It is often detected as an enriched biomarker in CRC fecal diagnostics, yet concurrently researched for its metabolites' capacity to regulate host T-cell polarization during checkpoint immunotherapies.

III Cultivation Parameters

• Recommended Media: BioVector? Modified PYG Broth, or Columbia Blood Agar bases equipped with anaerobic optimization mixtures.

• Atmosphere: Strict anaerobic parameters.

• Incubation Temperature: 37°C.

6. Bacteroides intestinalis

I General Information & Genetics

• Name: Bacteroides intestinalis

• Taxonomy: Phylum Bacteroidota, Order Bacteroidales, Family Bacteroidaceae, Genus Bacteroides.

• Key Traits: Gram-negative, obligately anaerobic, non-spore-forming rod isolated from healthy adult human fecal specimens.

• Biosafety Level: BSL-1.

II Core Scientific & Metabolic Functions

1. Glycan Disassembly and Cross-Feeding Dynamics: Holds a versatile genome heavily enriched with Glycoside Hydrolases (GHs) tailored to cleave tough plant cell wall matrix polysaccharides like arabinogalactans and xylans. It liberates oligosaccharide fragments into the lumen, driving cross-feeding networks that nourish neighboring beneficial species (e.g., Bifidobacterium).

2. Epithelial Protection and Energetics: Maximizes the transformation of non-digestible plant polysaccharides into valuable short-chain fatty acids, notably acetate and propionate, which directly fuel colonocyte energetics and preserve mucosal structural thickness.

III Cultivation Parameters

• Recommended Media: BioVector? Base GAM Broth, or Standard DSMZ Medium 78 formulas.

• Atmosphere: Strict anaerobic setup.

• Incubation Temperature: 37°C.

7. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron

I General Information & Genetics

• Name: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (Reference Standard Strain: VPI-5482)

• Taxonomy: Phylum Bacteroidota, Order Bacteroidales, Family Bacteroidaceae, Genus Bacteroides.

• Key Traits: Gram-negative, obligately anaerobic, non-spore-forming rod. It stands as the premier global standard model organism for investigating host-microbe symbiosis and complex carbohydrate metabolism.

• Biosafety Level: BSL-1.

II Core Scientific & Metabolic Functions

1. The Encyclopedic Glycan Consumer: Encodes an exceptional array of glycoside hydrolases and polysaccharide lyases. It serves as the definitive reference model for mapping Polysaccharide Utilization Loci (PUL) systems. It switches seamlessly between processing dietary fiber arrays (pectins, amylose) and host endogenous mucin O-glycans, maintaining luminal ecosystem equilibrium during host fasting phases.

2. Angiogenesis Instruction and Mucosal Maturation: Proven to orchestrate post-natal microvascular cellular networks in germ-free mouse models, and heavily guides the homeostatic synthesis of secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA) across intestinal linings.

3. Synthetic Biology Host Platform: Due to its fully mapped genomic architecture and refined CRISPR-based genetic engineering protocols, it serves as a leading living biotherapeutic (LBP) chassis designed for the target delivery of anti-inflammatory molecules or tumor-directed payloads.

III Cultivation Parameters

• Recommended Media: BioVector? Traditional TYG Broth, or Anaerobic BHI Broth bases fortified with 0.5% glucose, vitamin complexes, and hemin.

• Atmosphere: Strict anaerobic setups.

• Incubation Temperature: 37°C.

8. Bacteroides cellulosilyticus

I General Information & Genetics

• Name: Bacteroides cellulosilyticus

• Taxonomy: Phylum Bacteroidota, Order Bacteroidales, Family Bacteroidaceae, Genus Bacteroides.

• Key Traits: Gram-negative, obligately anaerobic rod exhibiting high specialization in parsing insoluble plant cellulose infrastructures.

• Biosafety Level: BSL-1.

II Core Scientific & Metabolic Functions

1. Crystalline Cellulose Degradation: Encodes a hyper-concentrated array of endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases, and xylanases. It targets and metabolizes crystalline cellulose frameworks that typically resist digestion by other gut bacteria, positioning it at the apex of the intestinal energy-harvesting cascade.

2. SCFA Enrichment and Metabolic Homeostasis: Fermentative breakdown of complex fibers by this strain yields robust concentrations of butyrate and propionate. These short-chain fatty acids bind host G-protein coupled receptors (GPR41/GPR43), promoting systemic anti-inflammatory cascades, appetite regulation, and glucose homeostasis.

III Cultivation Parameters

• Recommended Media: BioVector? Cellulose/Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) Defined Selective Anaerobic Broth, or baseline GAM media matrices.

• Atmosphere: Strict anaerobic parameters.

• Incubation Temperature: 37°C.

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